A to Z - Day 26 - Zoological parks

These are fascinating places where animals from all over the world live in specially designed enclosures. The concept of zoos dates back to the early 19th century, with the London Zoo opening in 1828 as one of the first modern examples.

What makes zoological parks truly special today is their shift from mere animal exhibitions to centres of conservation and education. Many zoos participate in breeding programmes to help endangered species survive and even reintroduce them into the wild. 

They also provide interactive learning experiences, helping visitors understand the importance of biodiversity and environmental stewardship. Plus, zoos often conduct research that improves animal welfare and conservation strategies worldwide.

Now, if you’re in Bengaluru or planning a visit, one of the most remarkable zoological parks you should check out is the Bannerghatta Biological Park.

It is a massive wildlife spot covering 731.88 hectares, packed with exciting attractions like a zoo, safari, butterfly park, and a rescue centre for animals. It's one of the biggest zoos in India.

Established in 2002, the biological park sits within the larger Bannerghatta National Park, which was founded in 1970 and declared a national park in 1974.

THE ZOO

Back in 1971, what started as a small "Picnic Corner" gradually became a full-fledged zoo, giving the people around Bengaluru a great spot to enjoy nature and wildlife.

Today, it’s home to a mix of Indian and exotic animals — 1,941 of them, across 94 species! You can see mammals, reptiles, and birds living in carefully designed enclosures. Some of the most exciting ones include Thamin deer, Hog deer, King Cobra, Crocodiles, Himalayan black bears, Panthers, and a variety of birds. 

Visitors also have access to a museum and an auditorium to learn more about these fascinating creatures. 

Right now, the zoo spans 12 hectares, but it’s growing — another 28 hectares are being added, along with eight brand-new enclosures. More space, more animals, more to explore!

The safari allows you to see animals like tigers, lions, bears, elephants, and even leopards in environments that closely mimic their natural habitats. 

Aside from the safari, the butterfly park is a colourful delight, showcasing a variety of butterflies and insects, which adds an educational and aesthetic touch to the visit. 

The park also offers nature camps for those keen on studying flora and fauna more closely, making it a fantastic spot for families, students, and wildlife enthusiasts alike!

A to Z - Day 25 - Yellow soil

We are talking about regular soil that has developed a bit of tan. The yellow tinge comes from iron oxide.

Yellow soil typically forms in more humid or wetter conditions where iron oxides become hydrated. 

This is different from the red soil that forms in relatively drier, well-drained conditions, where iron oxides remain in the oxidised form.

It's there across India, particularly in the southern and eastern bits of the Deccan Plateau, which, of course, includes parts of Karnataka.

Yellow soil often has higher silica content, which is less beneficial for plant growth, making it generally less fertile than red soil.

Its characteristics -- good drainage but low in nitrogen and organic matter -- make it suitable for crops that do not require very rich soil but benefit from good aeration and moderate moisture retention.

It has many uses. Since it possesses a good drainage system, it helps prevent waterlogging and the growth of harmful bacteria. 

They could also be used in the construction industry for manufacturing bricks and tiles due to their stability and durability. 

These soils have a low erosion potential, making them ideal for long-term crop production and sustainable agriculture.

So, though it might not be so beneficial for plant growth, it still has many uses.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 24 - Xeriscaping in Bengaluru

Image credit: The Spruce

A few months ago, when I read about xeriscaping, I thought of blogging about it. But for some reason, that didn’t happen. Now, it has come in handy for this series.

Xeriscaping is a landscaping method designed to minimise water use. It is particularly relevant to cities like Bengaluru, where rapid urbanisation and changing weather patterns have put stress on water resources. The word comes from the Greek xeros, meaning dry.

As one can imagine, xeriscaping can conserve water and help cut down power bills. I am told that such gardens require not just less water but also less fertilising, pesticide application, and mowing. With such low maintenance costs, it offers an opportunity to create more green cover.

There are many native xerophytes (drought-resistant plants) suitable for xeriscaping, such as certain species of acacias, euphorbias, and succulents, which can be incorporated into urban gardens to reduce water use and support local ecosystems.

Bengaluru-based firms like Ecoscapes Landscaping Pvt. Ltd. and Garden of Joy specialise in sustainable landscaping solutions that incorporate xeriscaping principles, helping homeowners and commercial clients design water-efficient gardens suited to local conditions.

Many homeowners in Bengaluru are adopting xeriscaping to reduce water bills and create sustainable green spaces, often with professional help from local landscapers who understand native plants and water-wise design.

By conserving water, reducing maintenance, and supporting native biodiversity, xeriscaping offers a sustainable path forward for urban and suburban landscapes facing water challenges.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 23 - Western Ghats

The Western Ghats. Image credit: Unesco

Nestled along the western coast of India, the Western Ghats is nothing short of a natural marvel.

Recognised as a Unesco World Heritage Site, this mountain range is a biodiversity treasure, having an extraordinary variety of plants and animals, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. 

But despite its ecological richness, the Western Ghats is facing mounting threats that could jeopardise this unique ecosystem and have catastrophic ripple effects.

UNIQUE BIODIVERSITY

The Western Ghats is home to over 4,000 plant species, with more than half of its 650 tree species being endemic - meaning they grow only there. 

The region’s forests, including tropical evergreen forests, shola forests, and unique seasonally mass-flowering meadows, support this incredible biodiversity. 

The animal kingdom is equally impressive: amphibians, reptiles, different varieties of fish, and invertebrates, many species of which are again endemic. Some of them are the lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, and Nilgiri Langur. 

There are also the Asian elephant, gaur, and tiger.

The Western Ghats also play a crucial role in determining the monsoon weather patterns, and thereby sustaining river systems, agriculture, businesses and livelihood.

THREATS LOOM LARGE

Unfortunately, this ecological treasure is under serious threat. 

Satellite data show that there has been a loss of around 20,000 hectares of tree cover in just 17 years across parts of Karnataka alone.

The reason - developmental activities like road and railway construction, urbanisation, and the conversion of forest land into tourist resorts.

Then, there are also illegal hunting and quarrying, extraction of forest produce by local communities (often for their livelihood), human-wildlife conflicts, etc. Thus, the pressure on the ecosystem is of various kinds.

The degradation of this ecosystem can result in extreme weather events like flash floods and landslides - phenomena that have become more frequent in the region due to climate change. 

The 2024 Wayanad landslide tragedy was a stark reminder of the consequences of ignoring sustainable development and environmental safeguards.  

CONSERVATION OR DEVELOPMENT

This is a tricky question, and there are no easy answers.

The 2011 Gadgil Committee report recommended strict restrictions on human activities in large parts of the Ghats, but faced pushback for being too stringent and potentially disruptive to local communities.

In response, the Kasturirangan Committee in 2013 proposed a more balanced approach. It suggested designating 37% of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive zones, allowing regulated economic activities like eco-tourism and green industries in other areas.

But the debate continues.

WAY AHEAD

There is no doubt that the Western Ghats is a jewel of biodiversity and vital for the ecological wellbeing of peninsular India. 

The key probably is in getting the balance right between conserving its unique natural heritage and accommodating sustainable development.

Environmental laws have to be strictly enforced, and local communities need to be involved in the development of the area.

We are already facing the disruptive impacts of climate change on all walks of life. If biodiversity hotspots like the Western Ghats aren't preserved, one can only imagine how bad things can get.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 22 - Vibhinna India Foundation

An insect cafe. Image source: The Hindu

Urbanisation has no doubt wreaked havoc on Bengaluru’s ecosystem. The hum of bees, the flutter of butterflies, the chirping of insects — all drowned out by the notorious traffic of the city.

Amidst all this, there is one non-profit doing its bit to restore biodiversity and bring back the natural balance -- Vibhinna India Foundation.

"Insect cafes" is one of their initiatives. They are like a cosy little spot for insects. 

These are eco-friendly structures made from upcycled materials like bamboo, mud, and wood, providing safe nesting spaces for pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and wasps. 

The idea is simple: give insects a place to thrive, and they’ll do what they do best — pollinate plants, support biodiversity, and keep nature ticking.

Vibhinna India Foundation, in collaboration with EY Global Delivery Services, launched several insect Cafés across Bengaluru’s major botanical gardens last year. They are in Doddasaggare Botanical Garden near Koratagere in Tumakuru, as well as at Lalbagh Botanical Gardens and Cubbon Park in the city.

This is a community-driven initiative, with hundreds of volunteers pitching in. Plus, the materials used for these cafés are sourced from rural households, directly benefiting women farmers involved in wood collection.

Vibhinna India Foundation has also set up a butterfly garden at St John’s Medical College, designed to support the entire life cycle of butterflies. It features carefully selected host plants that cater to different butterfly species, ensuring they have a safe space to lay eggs and grow.

Urban expansion has drastically reduced insect populations, which in turn affects food security, plant growth, and overall biodiversity. Without pollinators, ecosystems collapse.

So, it’s nice to know that not everyone is just complaining; some are doing their best to restore what’s been lost.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 21 - Upcycling

I guess this is a modern word for what we have always known as 'recycle' or 'renew'. (Maybe the prefix 'up' adds more value to the word than 're'?)

But I’ve been told there’s a small difference. Unlike recycling, which breaks things down, upcycling is more about reimagining the old in clever, often surprising ways. You don’t need machines — just a little imagination.

This reminds me of my father. He had this habit of never throwing anything away, convinced that it might come in handy later.

But he wasn't just a hoarder — he repurposed things into useful items for our home.

One simple example was sheets of paper that had writing or printing only on one side. He never tossed bills or pamphlets. Instead, he collected them and, using his knowledge of bookbinding, made small writing pads, which he happily used.

I’ve inherited some of those habits. At home, before throwing anything out, I always check if it can be repurposed in some way. 

For example, I make sure to reuse the blank side of papers. Glass jars have been turned into indoor planters. Containers from takeaway food are reused — they might not look new, but they serve the purpose for a while.

Around Bengaluru, I’ve seen cafés decked out with furniture made from discarded doors and scrap wood. I’ve also spotted old tyres cleverly transformed into plant holders.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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It’s amazing what people come up with when they look at “waste” with fresh eyes.

The best thing about upcycling is that you don’t have to be a DIY guru to get started. 

It’s all about looking at the things we usually toss aside and asking, can this become something else?  

More often than not, the answer is yes. And there’s something deeply satisfying about giving an object a second life — especially in a world where we’re constantly being told to buy more.

So next time you're clearing out a drawer or tidying up the garage, pause before chucking things out. 

You might just discover that something that was lying unused can be easily turned into something useful

A to Z - Day 20 - Tamarind

Photo credit: Deccan Herald

Here's a tangy delight, with its presence in flavourful cuisine and ecological landscapes. Whether it’s a steaming bowl of sambhar or supporting biodiversity, tamarind deserves a moment in the spotlight.

FOOD 

Tamarind is one of the main ingredients in the popular puliyogare (tamarind rice). It's a comfort food, a festival staple, and a train journey favourite.

Then there’s bisi bele bath, a warm, hearty dish where tamarind brings balance to the heat of chillies and the creaminess of lentils.

It is also an ingredient in Ugadi pachadi (a traditional dish representing different flavours of life).

There is also tamarind chutney, pickles, and rasam!

It has also been used in traditional medicine for treating digestive issues, sore throats, and even wound healing.

Tamarind pulp is rich in antioxidants, magnesium, fibre, and iron, making it a nutritional powerhouse. 

BIODIVERSITY

Karnataka is a major producer of tamarind, with regions like Vijayanagara district being known as the ‘Land of Tamarind’. The fruit is harvested between January and May.

These majestic, sprawling trees play a vital role in Karnataka’s urban and rural landscape.

For one, they provide shade and shelter. They also support local ecosystems, offering a home to birds, bees, and countless small creatures. Plus, their deep roots help prevent soil erosion, making them nature’s very own conservationists.

Beyond food, tamarind kernel powder is also used in the textile and leather industries, while its seeds are processed for coffee substitutes and gum production.

So, whether it's in the kitchen or the forest, tamarind is quietly powerful, bringing flavour and sustainability. 

Next time you enjoy a tamarind-laced dish, you should appreciate the depth of its story, ranging from taste buds and health to ecosystems!

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 19 - Solar power in Bengaluru

Photo source: Deccan Herald

(Before I begin, a big apology to everyone who’s been reading and commenting regularly on my blog, especially during this A to Z series.

When I signed up for the challenge, I truly thought I’d have plenty of time not just to write my posts, but also to read and engage with yours. But, as life often does, things didn’t go quite as planned.

I am now prioritising A to Z posts, since I don't want to give up halfway.

I’m starting a new phase of life from May 1, and I’m hopeful that it’ll give me a lot more time for myself— and for the things I enjoy, like blogging and blog-hopping. 

I’ll be back to visiting and reading your wonderful posts very soon.

Thank you so much!)

Solar power is known for its many benefits — lower electricity costs, environmental sustainability, and energy independence.

If that's the case, so many people should have shifted to it, especially since Bengaluru is known for its innovation and tech-driven growth. 

But that doesn't seem to have happened. 

Why? 

A few points that came to my mind:

• Technical and regulatory barriers: Before anything else, I think this ranks first. Setting up a solar power system involves navigating regulatory approvals, net metering policies, and grid integration. It's not easy. The complexity of permissions and bureaucratic processes with Bescom (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company) and other authorities makes the whole thing quite cumbersome.
  
  
• High initial costs: There are a whole lot of subsidies. But installing solar panels still requires a significant upfront investment. This is a major put-off.
  
  
• Easy availability of conventional energy: Subsidised electricity from Bescom makes grid power seem more affordable, especially in the short term.
  
  
• Space constraints: Bengaluru, like many metropolitan cities, faces space constraints, particularly in apartment complexes and shared buildings. The collective decision-making required for installation often leads to delays or discourages adoption altogether. 
  
  
• Lack of awareness: Many potential adopters don’t fully understand how subsidies, tax incentives, and net metering work.
  
  
• Slow policy implementation: Though policies promoting solar energy exist, their implementation is often inconsistent or slow, limiting widespread adoption. 
    
• Climate challenges: Bengaluru has a very salubrious and sunny climate. But there are seasonal variations. For days together, it could be gloomy with no sign of the sun. This leads to concerns about reliability, particularly for households considering an off-grid system.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

Still, Bengaluru should be able to embrace solar power in a big way by focusing on community-driven initiatives and policy improvements.

• Corporate sustainability leadership: Bengaluru's tech and industrial sectors can lead by example, adopting large-scale solar systems and inspiring smaller businesses to follow.
  
  
• Policy streamlining: Faster approvals for net metering, reduced bureaucratic hurdles, and a consumer-friendly approach from Bescom can boost confidence in solar investments.
  
  
• Better financing models: Offering solar loans, EMI plans, and tax credits can make adoption financially viable for a broader population.
  
  
• Awareness campaigns: Government agencies and energy providers must actively educate consumers on incentives, financial benefits, and easy financing options.
  
  
• Community solar projects: Apartment complexes and business parks can collaborate to install shared solar systems, making renewable energy accessible to multiple users. 

HOW IS IT IN YOUR CITY?

There is only so much that conventional energy sources can provide us. With the right incentives, community engagement, and policy shifts, Bengaluru can become a shining beacon of renewable energy in India. The city has the potential to unlock the full power of the sun. 

How is the adoption of solar power in the place you live?

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 18 - Ramsar sites in Karnataka, India

Aghanashini Estuary
Photo source: Ramsar Sites Information Service 

Wetlands are among the planet’s most productive ecosystems, vital not only for wildlife but also for human well-being. 

Recognising their significance, the Ramsar Convention — formally known as The Convention on Wetlands — was adopted in 1971 in the city of Ramsar, Iran. 

Facilitated by UNESCO, the treaty came into effect in 1975 with the aim of promoting the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands around the world.

QUALIFICATION

A site earns the prestigious Ramsar tag if it fulfils at least one of nine ecological criteria. These include:

• Representing rare or unique wetland types
  
  
• Supporting endangered or vulnerable species
  
  
• Maintaining regional biodiversity
  
  
• Providing habitat during critical stages of life cycles for certain species
  
  
• Hosting large populations of waterbirds or fish
  
  
• Contributing to global biodiversity and ecosystem services

LARGEST NETWORK OF WETLANDS

There are more than 2,500 Ramsar sites across 172 countries, collectively covering over 257 million hectares. 

This makes the Ramsar network the largest international system of protected wetlands. 

What makes Ramsar designation impactful is not just the label — it’s the commitment it brings.

Governments that designate Ramsar sites are expected to implement conservation actions such as scientific research, habitat management plans, and legal zoning protections to preserve these ecological treasures.

IN INDIA

Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary.
Photo source: Ramsar Sites Information Service

India has embraced this responsibility with growing enthusiasm, and there are 89 Ramsar sites, reflecting the nation's rich wetland diversity.

Karnataka state has four sites recognised between 2022 and 2024:

• Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary – The first in the state to receive Ramsar status, known for its thriving bird population
  
  
• Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve – A vital freshwater ecosystem
  
  
• Aghanashini Estuary – A biologically rich coastal wetland
  
  
• Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve – A crucial site for migratory and resident birds

Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka state where I live, has no Ramsar-designated wetlands. However, local lake conservationists and biodiversity experts have been advocating for recognising several urban wetlands, citing their ecological importance and biodiversity value. 

There is a sustained movement to restore the richness of the city's biodiversity treasure, and the hope is that its unique lake systems could one day find a place on the map.

A to Z - Day 17 - Quarrying

Photo credit: Deccan Herald

This was again a tough letter. Finally, picked this considering how quarrying has grown into a significant industry here, thanks to construction activities. It's mostly stone quarrying, and it comes with considerable environmental costs.

Stone quarrying involves extracting rocks like granite and laterite, essential for construction. Districts such as Ramanagara, Chikkaballapur, and areas surrounding the Bannerghatta National Park in Bengaluru have seen a surge in quarrying activities. 

DEFORESTATION

Studies have shown a significant reduction in vegetation cover in BNP's buffer zones. Between 1973 and 2015, vegetation cover decreased from 85.78% to 66.37%, primarily due to quarrying and urbanization. This loss threatens the habitat of various species, including elephants and leopards.

WATER DEPLETION

Quarrying disrupts natural water channels and reduces the water retention capacity of the region. The Cauvery basin, vital for Karnataka's water supply, has been adversely affected by these activities.

POLLUTION

The process of drilling, blasting, and transporting stones releases significant amounts of dust and noise. In Ramanagara district, studies have shown that these activities degrade air quality and pose health risks to nearby communities.

SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Residents near BNP have reported respiratory issues due to dust exposure. Noise pollution from blasting operations disrupts daily life and can lead to hearing problems. Moreover, the influx of quarrying operations often leads to displacement and loss of livelihoods for indigenous populations.

REGULATORY MEASURES

While the Karnataka government has established guidelines for quarrying activities, enforcement remains inconsistent. The State Environment Impact Assessment Authority oversees environmental clearances, but unauthorized operations persist, especially in ecologically sensitive zones.

WAY FORWARD

Governments have to ensure that quarrying operations comply with environmental regulations, especially near protected areas.

It would be worthwhile to involve local communities in decision-making processes related to land use and quarrying activities. 

The construction industry should explore the use of alternative construction materials and recycled aggregates to reduce dependence on natural stone. Alternatives are expensive but if it becomes more popular the costs are bound to come down.

While quarrying plays a role in Karnataka's development, it's imperative to balance economic growth with environmental conservation. 

A to Z - Day 16 - Parthenium

Image source: India Biodiversity Portal

When I moved to Bengaluru from Hyderabad in 1999, the invasive weed known as parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) was very much on my mind.

I was a bit sceptical about my health, having heard that many people living in the city suffered from allergies caused by the weed.

Parthenium is said to be widespread across Bengaluru, thriving in vacant lots, along roadsides, and in open spaces.

Thankfully, I didn’t experience any problems myself, but I’ve heard of many people developing allergies, particularly during certain seasons.

Typical symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, and breathing difficulties. Some people also suffer from dermatitis, characterised by itching, redness, and rashes.

The only real alternative is to limit one’s exposure — staying indoors during high pollen seasons and avoiding areas with dense parthenium growth can help.

Apart from Bengaluru, major cities and regions across northern, central, southern, and northeastern India are also affected by widespread infestation. 

These include Delhi, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, and Rishikesh, as well as many urban and rural areas in states like Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Bihar.

CONGRESS GRASS

This weed is locally known as "Congress grass" — a name with an interesting, though somewhat debated, origin.

The plant is said to have become widespread in India around the time the Indian National Congress was in power, during the 1950s and 1960s.

Native to Central and South America, it is believed to have entered India accidentally through wheat imports from the United States under the PL-480 food aid programme. 

Since this coincided with Congress rule, the public associated the weed with the party, reinforcing the nickname.

It’s also known by other names, such as "Carrot grass", due to its leaves resembling those of the carrot plant, and "Gajar ghas" in Hindi.

ARE THEY STILL AROUND?

Nowadays, I don't hear so much about parthenium. The weed might not be as widespread as it used to be since many vacant areas have turned into office spaces, commercial buildings, houses, and apartment complexes.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 15 - Organic

In today's world, the term "organic" pops up everywhere -- farms, department stores and restaurants. 

But what exactly does it mean, and is it really worth the hype? I have always been confused about this.

From what I understand, "organic" describes a way of growing food and raising animals that steers clear of most human-made nasties. 

Think of it as a back-to-nature approach, prioritising the health of the soil, the environment, and ultimately, us.

IN FARMING

For fruits, vegetables, and grains to be labelled organic, farmers generally follow these key principles:

• No synthetic pesticides or fertilisers: Instead of artificial chemicals to fight pests or boost growth, organic farmers rely on natural methods. This could involve introducing beneficial bugs that eat harmful ones, rotating crops to keep the soil healthy, or using compost as a natural fertiliser.
  
  
• No genetically modified organisms: Organic seeds are traditional, not lab-altered. This means the plants grow and develop naturally.
  
  
• Healthy soil: Organic farming focuses on building rich, healthy soil. This naturally helps plants grow stronger and become more resistant to diseases.
  
  
• Natural weed control: Forget chemical weed killers! Organic farmers might use techniques like hand-weeding, mulching (covering the soil to suppress weeds), or tilling.

IS ORGANIC BETTER?

This is a question I have asked myself. And the answer is not really straightforward. 

This is what I learned:

• Lower pesticide residue: A significant benefit of organic produce is the generally lower levels of pesticide residues. While non-organic food is regulated for safety, it's not altogether avoided.
  
  
• Potential nutritional edge: Some studies suggest organic foods might have slightly higher levels of certain nutrients and antioxidants, though data is not always consistent. Finally, what matters is a combination of all the food that we eat over a period of time, and not just organic or non-organic.
  
  
• No synthetic additives: Organic is the choice if the priority is to avoid genetically modified ingredients and artificial additives in processed foods.
  
  
• Animal welfare and environmental impact: Organic practices often prioritise better animal welfare and can be kinder to the environment through healthier soil, reduced pollution, and support for biodiversity.
  
  
• Cost factor: Organic foods often come with a higher price tag, which can be a barrier.

FAKE ORGANIC

This is something that I have been worried about. Considering the hype around organic, there may be non-organic food being sold as organic. How do I find out the genuineness?

In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates organic food. Genuine products have relevant logos. 

• 'Jaivik Bharat' logo: This is the unified logo for all certified organic foods in India.
  
  
• 'India Organic' logo: This signifies certification under the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), mainly for exports.
  
  
• 'PGS-Organic' logo: This indicates certification under the Participatory Guarantee System for India (PGS-India), designed for local markets.

WHAT I DO

I don't blindly buy or consume anything that is labelled organic, though I do lean towards 'organic' for all the benefits it offers. My overall goal is a balanced and varied diet that is rich in whole foods.

A to Z - Day 14 - Net-zero emissions

Net-zero emissions means balancing the pollution we put into the air with the pollution we take out — so that there is no overall increase in harmful gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂) that cause global warming.

It’s like this:

Imagine you are pouring water into a bucket, but also taking water out at the same time. If you pour in 5 litres and take out 5 litres, the water level stays the same. That’s net zero.

WHY IMPORTANT

In India, many cities, including Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), where I live, has been seeing the effects of climate change:

• Unusual rise in temperature
  
  
• Sudden rainfall when it isn't expected to rain at all
  
  
• Melting glaciers in the Himalayas
  
  
• Rising sea levels, threatening coastal areas like Mumbai, Chennai, and the Sundarbans

By working towards net-zero emissions, there will be definitive improvement in the quality of our environment, thereby helping all of us.

WAY FORWARD

• Using clean energy: More solar and wind power instead of coal. India already has big solar parks like the one in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.
  
  
• Cleaner transport: Promoting electric vehicles instead of petrol/diesel vehicles. Metro trains, CNG buses, and cycle tracks help too.
  
  
• Protecting forests: Forests absorb CO₂, so planting and protecting trees is key. Programmes like Van Mahotsav and CAMPA help.
  
  
• Reducing waste: Managing garbage better so it doesn’t release harmful gases. Composting and recycling are small but effective steps.

INDIA'S COMMITMENT 

India has promised to reach net zero by 2070. This means we will cut our carbon emissions as much as possible, and whatever is left, we will try to remove or offset.

That's a good 45 long years away. Considering the size of the country and the extent of damage already done, cleaning up will surely take a long time.

Unless governments and citizens step up efforts in a big way, we all will suffer a lot more damage, and any gains will be minimal.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 13 - Microplastics in Bengaluru

Photo source: MIT Technology Review

Microplastics are defined as small synthetic solid particles with sizes ranging from 1 μm (one-millionth of a metre) to 5 millimetres. 

They don't dissolve in water and are of two main types, primary and secondary.

The primary ones are used in cosmetics, synthetic clothing, and industrial processes. Examples include microbeads and plastic fibres.

The secondary ones are those formed from the breakdown of larger plastic items due to exposure to sunlight, wind, water, etc. Items include plastic bags, bottles, plastic debris, etc. 

These can have harmful chemicals and are dangerous to the environment and human health.

A study on Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake in Bengaluru identified microplastics, primarily fibres, fragments, films, and foam, with an average concentration of about 10 particles per litre. (Journal of Environmental Biology)

Another study found that microplastics in the Cauvery River, particularly in the Krishna Raja Sagara reservoir, may be causing growth defects in fish. This suggests that microplastics are not only present but also potentially harmful to aquatic life. (The Times of India)

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have developed a hydrogel to remove microplastics from water, offering a potential solution to mitigate this issue. (The Times of India)

There isn't any specific data regarding the amount of microplastics in the waste generated in Bengaluru. However, considering several anecdotal pieces of evidence, there may be a considerable amount.

The visual evidence of plastic debris is quite alarming. From landfills microplastics could leach into the surrounding soil and groundwater, eventually finding their way into lakes and other water sources.

Considering our modern lifestyle and conveniences, it might be difficult to totally eliminate substances with microplastics. But for the sake of our environment, we will have to do our best to at least reduce their use.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 12 - Landfills

Garbage trucks dumping waste in Mittaganahalli
landfill in Bengaluru. Photo credit: The Hindu

Landfills, the backbone of waste disposal systems, are designated sites engineered to safely dispose of waste by burying it under layers of soil. 

Unlike unlined dumps of the past, modern landfills are equipped with liners and systems to manage leachate (toxic liquid runoff) and methane gas emissions, aiming to protect groundwater and air quality. 

Waste is compacted and covered daily to reduce odour, pests, and litter, and capped when full, allowing for repurposing as parks or other spaces.

IN BENGALURU

Currently, Bengaluru relies heavily on the Mittaganahalli landfill, located 40 km from the city, to handle over 3,000 tonnes of waste daily. 

Other landfills within the city — Subbarayanapalya, Seegehalli, and Lingadeeranahalli — have ceased operations. 

Mitaganahalli now bears the brunt of Bengaluru's waste problem, which is escalating; the city generates around 6,000 to 6,500 metric tons of waste daily, a figure projected to double to 13,911 tonnes by 2031.

CHALLENGES

Plenty of them:

• Toxic leachate from decomposing waste has contaminated groundwater, severely impacting borewells and posing health risks for residents.
  
  
• Mixed waste disposal has led to unbearable stench, health issues from pests, and a surge in stray animal populations.
  
  
• Protests and blockades by residents concerned about environmental hazards have disrupted waste disposal across the city.
  
  
• Delays in constructing essential facilities like leachate treatment plants exacerbate environmental and health challenges.

SOLUTIONS

• Segregation at Source. This is happening. But not followed by everyone as it should be. 
  
  
• Decentralised processing: These can reduce transportation costs and environmental impact.
  
  
• Strengthen recycling programmes: Better sorting facilities and incentives for recycling can help.
  
  
• Encourage composting: Using curbside collections and community compost centres can reduce landfill dependency.
  
  
• Enforce regulations: Guidelines are there. But not enforced as strictly as they should be.
  
  
• Private sector collaboration: Governments can't do everything. Get help from private companies for recycling technologies and waste management.
  
  
• Raise public awareness: In the long run, this will yield results.

SOLUTIONS ACHIEVABLE

Bengaluru's waste challenges are complex, but the solutions are achievable with concerted efforts from residents, authorities, and businesses. 

By adopting sustainable waste management practices, the city can not only mitigate environmental harm but also set a precedent for other urban centres grappling with similar issues.

Bengaluru provides software solutions to the world, and I can't believe it's struggling to find solutions for better waste management.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 11 - Kelp

Image credit: Pixabay

When I set out to find a word beginning with "K," little did I know that my curiosity would lead me underwater, into the mesmerizing world of kelp and kelp forests. 

These aquatic marvels, despite their plant-like appearance, are not plants but large brown algae, full of fascinating characteristics and ecological importance.

WHAT IS KELP

Kelp might look like the sea's version of a tree, but it belongs to the category of brown algae. 

Its colour palette stretches from olive green to rich shades of brown, making it as visually striking as it is ecologically vital. 

Kelp can vary immensely in size — from modestly reaching a few metres to the towering giant kelp, which can grow up to an astounding 30–80 metres (100–260 feet) in length. 

With growth rates of up to 20 inches a day, giant kelp holds its place as one of the fastest-growing and largest organisms on Earth.

ANATOMY OF KELP

Kelp’s unique structure comprises three main parts:

Holdfast: Anchored to the ocean floor, this root-like structure secures the kelp but does not absorb nutrients like roots.

Stipe: The stem-like section that provides support, varying in length and thickness depending on the species.

Blades (Fronds): Leaf-like extensions from the stipe that serve as the primary sites for photosynthesis and nutrient absorption.

The main kelp plant can live for years — sometimes up to a decade — while its blades have a shorter life cycle, continuously shedding and regrowing.

ECOSYSTEM ENGINEER

Kelp forests, vast underwater canopies formed by dense growths of kelp, are often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea". 

These ecosystems thrive in cold, nutrient-rich waters along coastlines in temperate and polar regions, from North America’s Pacific Coast to South Africa, Australia, and beyond.

Their complex structure provides habitat, food, and shelter to a diverse array of marine life, including fish, sea stars, crabs, lobsters, sea otters, and even gulls and terns. 

Kelp not only forms the foundation of the marine food web but also enriches the water with nutrients, supporting broader ecological cycles. 

Decomposing kelp further contributes to this nutrient-rich environment.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Beyond its ecological significance, kelp holds incredible value for us. It’s an edible superfood, rich in iodine, vitamins, and fibre. 

But its uses don't stop there — kelp is also a vital industrial resource. Alginates derived from kelp are used as thickening and stabilizing agents in products ranging from ice cream and salad dressings to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

Additionally, kelp can be processed into natural, nutrient-rich fertilizers.

THREATS

Like their terrestrial counterparts, kelp forests face increasing threats from climate change, pollution, destructive fishing practices, and invasive species. 

The loss of these ecosystems not only disrupts marine biodiversity but also impacts human industries reliant on their resources.

WHY THEY MATTER

Kelp forests are among the most remarkable ecosystems on the planet, playing a crucial role in the health of our oceans and the broader environment. 

Their importance extends far beyond their underwater boundaries, influencing climate regulation and supporting global biodiversity.

By understanding the value of kelp and the challenges it faces, we can work towards effective conservation strategies to protect these underwater rainforests for future generations.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 10 - Jacaranda in Bengaluru

Among the many flowering trees that adorn Bengaluru’s streets, the Jacaranda stands out for its breathtaking purple blooms. 

Native to South America, they have become an integral part of the city's landscape, and they are often referred to as "Neeli Gulmohar".

They were introduced to India during the colonial era. It was part of a broader initiative by the British to beautify urban spaces with exotic species.

German horticulturist Gustav Hermann Krumbiegel played a pivotal role in this endeavour, selecting trees that would bloom sequentially throughout the year. 

This approach transformed Bengaluru into a city where every season brings a new floral spectacle.

Their flowers typically appear from May to July, during which the trees shed their leaves, revealing the vibrant purple blooms.

It's common to see everyone take out their mobile phones to click photos and post them on social media!

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, Jacaranda trees provide shade and habitat for numerous birds, insects, and small animals. The tree's canopy offers shelter and nesting opportunities, while its flowers attract pollinators essential for maintaining biodiversity

Jacaranda flowers are often associated with rebirth and renewal due to their springtime blooming. 

In some cultures, they are considered symbols of good fortune, with legends suggesting that a flower falling on someone’s head brings luck.

I am not sure of that but there is no doubt about the beauty they bring to the city, something to cheer about in the midst of massive traffic congestion!

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 9 - Invasive species in Bengaluru

Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) - Deccan Herald

There are some species of plants or animals that seem to take over everything in their path! They’re like uninvited guests who overstay their welcome and eat all the snacks! Nature’s bullies!

They are called invasive species -- organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, or even pests that find themselves in a new environment and wreak havoc on the local ecosystem. 

They outcompete native species for resources, reduce biodiversity, and even alter habitats.

HOW THEY GET HERE

In this globalised world, no one is cut off from others. There is a constant movement of people and goods. Trade, travel, and even gardening bring these species to new places. 

They could hitch a ride on cars, trains, planes, ships. Other times, they’re introduced intentionally for ornamental or agricultural purposes. Once they settle in, they spread like wildfire.

SEVERAL OF THEM IN BENGALURU

In Bengaluru, some of the invasive species are Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite), Lantana camara, and Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth).

According to a report by Paani.Earth, a group that helps with sustainable management of river resources, nearly half of the lakebeds in areas like Hesaraghatta are now covered with invasive shrubs and trees planted by the Karnataka Forest Department to prevent encroachment.

WHY WORRY ABOUT THEM

Invasive species have economic consequences. 

For instance, agricultural pests like the fall armyworm have devastated maize crops in Karnataka since 2018. The cost of cultivation had gone up by ₹3,600 per hectare as the small farmers had to invest more pesticides.

Native plants like neem, mango, jamun, and banyan trees not only support local fauna but also have medicinal value. Replacing them with exotic species reduces these benefits while increasing maintenance costs for ecosystems.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• Residents should prioritise native plants over exotic ones to help restore balance in the ecosystem.
   
• Local authorities should conduct risk assessments of invasive species and take proactive measures to remove them from sensitive areas like lakebeds.
  
  
• Policies should discourage planting invasive species for ornamental purposes or fuelwood harvesting.
  
  
• Efforts should focus on conserving native biodiversity through afforestation programmes that favour indigenous plants.

So, next time when you are planning your garden or supporting a tree-planting drive, ask yourself: Is this plant helping or hurting the local ecosystem.

Keep the place green, in every way!

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 8 - Habitat in Bengaluru

When we talk about "habitat" from the environment and ecology point of view, we mean the natural home where living things – plants, animals, even tiny bugs – find everything they need to survive.

So, what does the habitat look like in Bengaluru today?

Bengaluru, as I have been mentioning in my previous posts, has transformed rapidly. From the "Garden City" to a tech hub, the landscape has seen really big changes. This has had a direct impact on the natural habitats that once thrived here.

THE GREEN PATCHES

Many now refer to Bengaluru as a "concrete jungle". If it's not already one, many fear it's on its way to becoming one, very fast.

But let's not forget that Bengaluru still boasts some important green spaces.

Parks like Cubbon Park, Lalbagh Botanical Garden, and Bannerghatta National Park act as vital habitats. In my neighbourhood, there are four parks, and they are popular places for children to play and for people to go for their daily walking exercises.

They are also places for a variety of birds, insects, and small mammals.

For example, you might spot parakeets, mynas, squirrels, and even the occasional mongoose in these green lungs of the city.

Of course, these green spaces are under constant pressure. Encroachment, pollution, and the sheer volume of visitors can impact the delicate balance of these habitats.

LAKES: A MIXED STORY

Bengaluru was once known for its interconnected network of lakes. These water bodies are crucial habitats for fish, frogs, water birds like herons and kingfishers, and various aquatic plants.

Sadly, many of our lakes have suffered due to pollution from untreated sewage and industrial waste.

On a brighter note, there are ongoing efforts to rejuvenate some of these lakes. Initiatives focused on cleaning, desilting, and creating buffer zones are slowly helping to restore these vital habitats.

For instance, the restoration of Kaikondrahalli Lake has shown how community involvement can bring back biodiversity to urban water bodies. You can now see a variety of birdlife and even some fish species returning to such rejuvenated lakes.

IMPACT ON BIRD POPULATION

Studies by local ornithologists often highlight a decline in the diversity of certain bird species in core urban areas, likely due to habitat loss and increased noise and pollution. 

However, green spaces and well-maintained lakes continue to support a richer variety. For example, sightings of migratory birds around restored lakes have been reported in recent years.

While the overall green cover has faced challenges, initiatives like tree planting drives by citizen groups and the forest department are making efforts to increase it. 

In my neighbourhood, there is an ongoing initiative to restore a lake. (I will soon be writing about it.)

PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

Understanding the habitat in our city helps us appreciate the biodiversity that still exists and the challenges it faces. 

By supporting initiatives that protect and enhance green spaces and water bodies, and by making conscious choices in our daily lives (like reducing waste and supporting green initiatives), we can contribute to making Bengaluru a more livable place for both nature and ourselves.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 7 - Greenhouse gases and Bengaluru

An AI-generated representational image.

Bengaluru, a fast-growing south Indian tech city, is known for its innovation and pleasant climate. However, beneath the veneer of progress lies a growing concern: the increasing levels of greenhouse gases and their impact.

WHAT ARE THEY

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat. Think of them like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse. 

They allow sunlight to enter and warm the interior but prevent some of that heat from escaping back into space. 

This greenhouse effect is essential for keeping our planet at a habitable temperature. But excessive amounts are bad.

The primary greenhouse gases include: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases, etc. 

HOW ARE THEY PRODUCED

Human activities lead to an increase in greenhouse gases.

The key sources include:

• Burning coal, oil, and natural gas during electricity generation, transportation and industrial processes releases lots of carbon dioxide.
  
  
• Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When forests are cleared, this doesn't happen.
  
  
• Livestock farming (especially cattle) produces methane.
  
  
• The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers releases nitrous oxide.
  
  
• The decomposition of organic waste in landfills produces methane.

HOW MUCH IS MORE

There isn't a single "dangerous" level of emission of greenhouse gases, but exceeding certain thresholds depending on the gas can trigger irreversible and catastrophic consequences.

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels exceeding 419 parts per million (ppm) are considered alarming; as of May 2024, levels reached 426.89 ppm globally.
  
  
• Methane is 25–100 times more potent than CO₂ over shorter timeframes.
  
  
• Nitrous oxide has a warming potential 273 times greater than carbon dioxide.

IMPACT OF GREENHOUSE GASES

• Global warming: The average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans is rising.
  
  
• Climate change: Drastic changes in weather patterns. For example, it doesn't rain when it's supposed to, and it rains when it's not supposed to. Unusual heat waves, rising sea levels, etc.

HOW TO CONTAIN THEM

• Shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower for electricity generation.
  
  
• Reduce energy consumption through efficient appliances, and smart technologies.
  
  
• Promote public transport, cycling, walking, and electric vehicles.
  
  
• Prevent deforestation.
  
  
• Reduce waste generation, and promote recycling.
  
  
• Make conscious choices in daily life.

WHERE DOES BENGALURU STAND

Although Bengaluru is not among India’s most polluted cities like Delhi or Kanpur, its growing population and infrastructure demands make it susceptible to worsening air quality.

With more and more people coming to the city, the number of private vehicles, traffic congestion, construction and industrial activities, electricity consumption, waste generation, etc., are all going up.

There are initiatives by the government and individuals to improve the ecological standards of the city. Some of my previous posts have elaborated on them. 

But, looking at the rate at which the city is growing, a more concerted and accelerated approach involving government bodies, industries, communities, and individuals is essential.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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