A to Z - Day 26 - Zoological parks

These are fascinating places where animals from all over the world live in specially designed enclosures. The concept of zoos dates back to the early 19th century, with the London Zoo opening in 1828 as one of the first modern examples.

What makes zoological parks truly special today is their shift from mere animal exhibitions to centres of conservation and education. Many zoos participate in breeding programmes to help endangered species survive and even reintroduce them into the wild. 

They also provide interactive learning experiences, helping visitors understand the importance of biodiversity and environmental stewardship. Plus, zoos often conduct research that improves animal welfare and conservation strategies worldwide.

Now, if you’re in Bengaluru or planning a visit, one of the most remarkable zoological parks you should check out is the Bannerghatta Biological Park.

It is a massive wildlife spot covering 731.88 hectares, packed with exciting attractions like a zoo, safari, butterfly park, and a rescue centre for animals. It's one of the biggest zoos in India.

Established in 2002, the biological park sits within the larger Bannerghatta National Park, which was founded in 1970 and declared a national park in 1974.

THE ZOO

Back in 1971, what started as a small "Picnic Corner" gradually became a full-fledged zoo, giving the people around Bengaluru a great spot to enjoy nature and wildlife.

Today, it’s home to a mix of Indian and exotic animals — 1,941 of them, across 94 species! You can see mammals, reptiles, and birds living in carefully designed enclosures. Some of the most exciting ones include Thamin deer, Hog deer, King Cobra, Crocodiles, Himalayan black bears, Panthers, and a variety of birds. 

Visitors also have access to a museum and an auditorium to learn more about these fascinating creatures. 

Right now, the zoo spans 12 hectares, but it’s growing — another 28 hectares are being added, along with eight brand-new enclosures. More space, more animals, more to explore!

The safari allows you to see animals like tigers, lions, bears, elephants, and even leopards in environments that closely mimic their natural habitats. 

Aside from the safari, the butterfly park is a colourful delight, showcasing a variety of butterflies and insects, which adds an educational and aesthetic touch to the visit. 

The park also offers nature camps for those keen on studying flora and fauna more closely, making it a fantastic spot for families, students, and wildlife enthusiasts alike!

A to Z - Day 24 - Xeriscaping in Bengaluru

Image credit: The Spruce

A few months ago, when I read about xeriscaping, I thought of blogging about it. But for some reason, that didn’t happen. Now, it has come in handy for this series.

Xeriscaping is a landscaping method designed to minimise water use. It is particularly relevant to cities like Bengaluru, where rapid urbanisation and changing weather patterns have put stress on water resources. The word comes from the Greek xeros, meaning dry.

As one can imagine, xeriscaping can conserve water and help cut down power bills. I am told that such gardens require not just less water but also less fertilising, pesticide application, and mowing. With such low maintenance costs, it offers an opportunity to create more green cover.

There are many native xerophytes (drought-resistant plants) suitable for xeriscaping, such as certain species of acacias, euphorbias, and succulents, which can be incorporated into urban gardens to reduce water use and support local ecosystems.

Bengaluru-based firms like Ecoscapes Landscaping Pvt. Ltd. and Garden of Joy specialise in sustainable landscaping solutions that incorporate xeriscaping principles, helping homeowners and commercial clients design water-efficient gardens suited to local conditions.

Many homeowners in Bengaluru are adopting xeriscaping to reduce water bills and create sustainable green spaces, often with professional help from local landscapers who understand native plants and water-wise design.

By conserving water, reducing maintenance, and supporting native biodiversity, xeriscaping offers a sustainable path forward for urban and suburban landscapes facing water challenges.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 22 - Vibhinna India Foundation

An insect cafe. Image source: The Hindu

Urbanisation has no doubt wreaked havoc on Bengaluru’s ecosystem. The hum of bees, the flutter of butterflies, the chirping of insects — all drowned out by the notorious traffic of the city.

Amidst all this, there is one non-profit doing its bit to restore biodiversity and bring back the natural balance -- Vibhinna India Foundation.

"Insect cafes" is one of their initiatives. They are like a cosy little spot for insects. 

These are eco-friendly structures made from upcycled materials like bamboo, mud, and wood, providing safe nesting spaces for pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and wasps. 

The idea is simple: give insects a place to thrive, and they’ll do what they do best — pollinate plants, support biodiversity, and keep nature ticking.

Vibhinna India Foundation, in collaboration with EY Global Delivery Services, launched several insect Cafés across Bengaluru’s major botanical gardens last year. They are in Doddasaggare Botanical Garden near Koratagere in Tumakuru, as well as at Lalbagh Botanical Gardens and Cubbon Park in the city.

This is a community-driven initiative, with hundreds of volunteers pitching in. Plus, the materials used for these cafés are sourced from rural households, directly benefiting women farmers involved in wood collection.

Vibhinna India Foundation has also set up a butterfly garden at St John’s Medical College, designed to support the entire life cycle of butterflies. It features carefully selected host plants that cater to different butterfly species, ensuring they have a safe space to lay eggs and grow.

Urban expansion has drastically reduced insect populations, which in turn affects food security, plant growth, and overall biodiversity. Without pollinators, ecosystems collapse.

So, it’s nice to know that not everyone is just complaining; some are doing their best to restore what’s been lost.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 19 - Solar power in Bengaluru

Photo source: Deccan Herald

(Before I begin, a big apology to everyone who’s been reading and commenting regularly on my blog, especially during this A to Z series.

When I signed up for the challenge, I truly thought I’d have plenty of time not just to write my posts, but also to read and engage with yours. But, as life often does, things didn’t go quite as planned.

I am now prioritising A to Z posts, since I don't want to give up halfway.

I’m starting a new phase of life from May 1, and I’m hopeful that it’ll give me a lot more time for myself— and for the things I enjoy, like blogging and blog-hopping. 

I’ll be back to visiting and reading your wonderful posts very soon.

Thank you so much!)

Solar power is known for its many benefits — lower electricity costs, environmental sustainability, and energy independence.

If that's the case, so many people should have shifted to it, especially since Bengaluru is known for its innovation and tech-driven growth. 

But that doesn't seem to have happened. 

Why? 

A few points that came to my mind:

• Technical and regulatory barriers: Before anything else, I think this ranks first. Setting up a solar power system involves navigating regulatory approvals, net metering policies, and grid integration. It's not easy. The complexity of permissions and bureaucratic processes with Bescom (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company) and other authorities makes the whole thing quite cumbersome.
  
  
• High initial costs: There are a whole lot of subsidies. But installing solar panels still requires a significant upfront investment. This is a major put-off.
  
  
• Easy availability of conventional energy: Subsidised electricity from Bescom makes grid power seem more affordable, especially in the short term.
  
  
• Space constraints: Bengaluru, like many metropolitan cities, faces space constraints, particularly in apartment complexes and shared buildings. The collective decision-making required for installation often leads to delays or discourages adoption altogether. 
  
  
• Lack of awareness: Many potential adopters don’t fully understand how subsidies, tax incentives, and net metering work.
  
  
• Slow policy implementation: Though policies promoting solar energy exist, their implementation is often inconsistent or slow, limiting widespread adoption. 
    
• Climate challenges: Bengaluru has a very salubrious and sunny climate. But there are seasonal variations. For days together, it could be gloomy with no sign of the sun. This leads to concerns about reliability, particularly for households considering an off-grid system.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

Still, Bengaluru should be able to embrace solar power in a big way by focusing on community-driven initiatives and policy improvements.

• Corporate sustainability leadership: Bengaluru's tech and industrial sectors can lead by example, adopting large-scale solar systems and inspiring smaller businesses to follow.
  
  
• Policy streamlining: Faster approvals for net metering, reduced bureaucratic hurdles, and a consumer-friendly approach from Bescom can boost confidence in solar investments.
  
  
• Better financing models: Offering solar loans, EMI plans, and tax credits can make adoption financially viable for a broader population.
  
  
• Awareness campaigns: Government agencies and energy providers must actively educate consumers on incentives, financial benefits, and easy financing options.
  
  
• Community solar projects: Apartment complexes and business parks can collaborate to install shared solar systems, making renewable energy accessible to multiple users. 

HOW IS IT IN YOUR CITY?

There is only so much that conventional energy sources can provide us. With the right incentives, community engagement, and policy shifts, Bengaluru can become a shining beacon of renewable energy in India. The city has the potential to unlock the full power of the sun. 

How is the adoption of solar power in the place you live?

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment.)

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A to Z - Day 17 - Quarrying

Photo credit: Deccan Herald

This was again a tough letter. Finally, picked this considering how quarrying has grown into a significant industry here, thanks to construction activities. It's mostly stone quarrying, and it comes with considerable environmental costs.

Stone quarrying involves extracting rocks like granite and laterite, essential for construction. Districts such as Ramanagara, Chikkaballapur, and areas surrounding the Bannerghatta National Park in Bengaluru have seen a surge in quarrying activities. 

DEFORESTATION

Studies have shown a significant reduction in vegetation cover in BNP's buffer zones. Between 1973 and 2015, vegetation cover decreased from 85.78% to 66.37%, primarily due to quarrying and urbanization. This loss threatens the habitat of various species, including elephants and leopards.

WATER DEPLETION

Quarrying disrupts natural water channels and reduces the water retention capacity of the region. The Cauvery basin, vital for Karnataka's water supply, has been adversely affected by these activities.

POLLUTION

The process of drilling, blasting, and transporting stones releases significant amounts of dust and noise. In Ramanagara district, studies have shown that these activities degrade air quality and pose health risks to nearby communities.

SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Residents near BNP have reported respiratory issues due to dust exposure. Noise pollution from blasting operations disrupts daily life and can lead to hearing problems. Moreover, the influx of quarrying operations often leads to displacement and loss of livelihoods for indigenous populations.

REGULATORY MEASURES

While the Karnataka government has established guidelines for quarrying activities, enforcement remains inconsistent. The State Environment Impact Assessment Authority oversees environmental clearances, but unauthorized operations persist, especially in ecologically sensitive zones.

WAY FORWARD

Governments have to ensure that quarrying operations comply with environmental regulations, especially near protected areas.

It would be worthwhile to involve local communities in decision-making processes related to land use and quarrying activities. 

The construction industry should explore the use of alternative construction materials and recycled aggregates to reduce dependence on natural stone. Alternatives are expensive but if it becomes more popular the costs are bound to come down.

While quarrying plays a role in Karnataka's development, it's imperative to balance economic growth with environmental conservation. 

A to Z - Day 16 - Parthenium

Image source: India Biodiversity Portal

When I moved to Bengaluru from Hyderabad in 1999, the invasive weed known as parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) was very much on my mind.

I was a bit sceptical about my health, having heard that many people living in the city suffered from allergies caused by the weed.

Parthenium is said to be widespread across Bengaluru, thriving in vacant lots, along roadsides, and in open spaces.

Thankfully, I didn’t experience any problems myself, but I’ve heard of many people developing allergies, particularly during certain seasons.

Typical symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, and breathing difficulties. Some people also suffer from dermatitis, characterised by itching, redness, and rashes.

The only real alternative is to limit one’s exposure — staying indoors during high pollen seasons and avoiding areas with dense parthenium growth can help.

Apart from Bengaluru, major cities and regions across northern, central, southern, and northeastern India are also affected by widespread infestation. 

These include Delhi, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, and Rishikesh, as well as many urban and rural areas in states like Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Bihar.

CONGRESS GRASS

This weed is locally known as "Congress grass" — a name with an interesting, though somewhat debated, origin.

The plant is said to have become widespread in India around the time the Indian National Congress was in power, during the 1950s and 1960s.

Native to Central and South America, it is believed to have entered India accidentally through wheat imports from the United States under the PL-480 food aid programme. 

Since this coincided with Congress rule, the public associated the weed with the party, reinforcing the nickname.

It’s also known by other names, such as "Carrot grass", due to its leaves resembling those of the carrot plant, and "Gajar ghas" in Hindi.

ARE THEY STILL AROUND?

Nowadays, I don't hear so much about parthenium. The weed might not be as widespread as it used to be since many vacant areas have turned into office spaces, commercial buildings, houses, and apartment complexes.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 14 - Net-zero emissions

Net-zero emissions means balancing the pollution we put into the air with the pollution we take out — so that there is no overall increase in harmful gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂) that cause global warming.

It’s like this:

Imagine you are pouring water into a bucket, but also taking water out at the same time. If you pour in 5 litres and take out 5 litres, the water level stays the same. That’s net zero.

WHY IMPORTANT

In India, many cities, including Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), where I live, has been seeing the effects of climate change:

• Unusual rise in temperature
  
  
• Sudden rainfall when it isn't expected to rain at all
  
  
• Melting glaciers in the Himalayas
  
  
• Rising sea levels, threatening coastal areas like Mumbai, Chennai, and the Sundarbans

By working towards net-zero emissions, there will be definitive improvement in the quality of our environment, thereby helping all of us.

WAY FORWARD

• Using clean energy: More solar and wind power instead of coal. India already has big solar parks like the one in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.
  
  
• Cleaner transport: Promoting electric vehicles instead of petrol/diesel vehicles. Metro trains, CNG buses, and cycle tracks help too.
  
  
• Protecting forests: Forests absorb CO₂, so planting and protecting trees is key. Programmes like Van Mahotsav and CAMPA help.
  
  
• Reducing waste: Managing garbage better so it doesn’t release harmful gases. Composting and recycling are small but effective steps.

INDIA'S COMMITMENT 

India has promised to reach net zero by 2070. This means we will cut our carbon emissions as much as possible, and whatever is left, we will try to remove or offset.

That's a good 45 long years away. Considering the size of the country and the extent of damage already done, cleaning up will surely take a long time.

Unless governments and citizens step up efforts in a big way, we all will suffer a lot more damage, and any gains will be minimal.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 13 - Microplastics in Bengaluru

Photo source: MIT Technology Review

Microplastics are defined as small synthetic solid particles with sizes ranging from 1 μm (one-millionth of a metre) to 5 millimetres. 

They don't dissolve in water and are of two main types, primary and secondary.

The primary ones are used in cosmetics, synthetic clothing, and industrial processes. Examples include microbeads and plastic fibres.

The secondary ones are those formed from the breakdown of larger plastic items due to exposure to sunlight, wind, water, etc. Items include plastic bags, bottles, plastic debris, etc. 

These can have harmful chemicals and are dangerous to the environment and human health.

A study on Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake in Bengaluru identified microplastics, primarily fibres, fragments, films, and foam, with an average concentration of about 10 particles per litre. (Journal of Environmental Biology)

Another study found that microplastics in the Cauvery River, particularly in the Krishna Raja Sagara reservoir, may be causing growth defects in fish. This suggests that microplastics are not only present but also potentially harmful to aquatic life. (The Times of India)

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have developed a hydrogel to remove microplastics from water, offering a potential solution to mitigate this issue. (The Times of India)

There isn't any specific data regarding the amount of microplastics in the waste generated in Bengaluru. However, considering several anecdotal pieces of evidence, there may be a considerable amount.

The visual evidence of plastic debris is quite alarming. From landfills microplastics could leach into the surrounding soil and groundwater, eventually finding their way into lakes and other water sources.

Considering our modern lifestyle and conveniences, it might be difficult to totally eliminate substances with microplastics. But for the sake of our environment, we will have to do our best to at least reduce their use.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 12 - Landfills

Garbage trucks dumping waste in Mittaganahalli
landfill in Bengaluru. Photo credit: The Hindu

Landfills, the backbone of waste disposal systems, are designated sites engineered to safely dispose of waste by burying it under layers of soil. 

Unlike unlined dumps of the past, modern landfills are equipped with liners and systems to manage leachate (toxic liquid runoff) and methane gas emissions, aiming to protect groundwater and air quality. 

Waste is compacted and covered daily to reduce odour, pests, and litter, and capped when full, allowing for repurposing as parks or other spaces.

IN BENGALURU

Currently, Bengaluru relies heavily on the Mittaganahalli landfill, located 40 km from the city, to handle over 3,000 tonnes of waste daily. 

Other landfills within the city — Subbarayanapalya, Seegehalli, and Lingadeeranahalli — have ceased operations. 

Mitaganahalli now bears the brunt of Bengaluru's waste problem, which is escalating; the city generates around 6,000 to 6,500 metric tons of waste daily, a figure projected to double to 13,911 tonnes by 2031.

CHALLENGES

Plenty of them:

• Toxic leachate from decomposing waste has contaminated groundwater, severely impacting borewells and posing health risks for residents.
  
  
• Mixed waste disposal has led to unbearable stench, health issues from pests, and a surge in stray animal populations.
  
  
• Protests and blockades by residents concerned about environmental hazards have disrupted waste disposal across the city.
  
  
• Delays in constructing essential facilities like leachate treatment plants exacerbate environmental and health challenges.

SOLUTIONS

• Segregation at Source. This is happening. But not followed by everyone as it should be. 
  
  
• Decentralised processing: These can reduce transportation costs and environmental impact.
  
  
• Strengthen recycling programmes: Better sorting facilities and incentives for recycling can help.
  
  
• Encourage composting: Using curbside collections and community compost centres can reduce landfill dependency.
  
  
• Enforce regulations: Guidelines are there. But not enforced as strictly as they should be.
  
  
• Private sector collaboration: Governments can't do everything. Get help from private companies for recycling technologies and waste management.
  
  
• Raise public awareness: In the long run, this will yield results.

SOLUTIONS ACHIEVABLE

Bengaluru's waste challenges are complex, but the solutions are achievable with concerted efforts from residents, authorities, and businesses. 

By adopting sustainable waste management practices, the city can not only mitigate environmental harm but also set a precedent for other urban centres grappling with similar issues.

Bengaluru provides software solutions to the world, and I can't believe it's struggling to find solutions for better waste management.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 10 - Jacaranda in Bengaluru

Among the many flowering trees that adorn Bengaluru’s streets, the Jacaranda stands out for its breathtaking purple blooms. 

Native to South America, they have become an integral part of the city's landscape, and they are often referred to as "Neeli Gulmohar".

They were introduced to India during the colonial era. It was part of a broader initiative by the British to beautify urban spaces with exotic species.

German horticulturist Gustav Hermann Krumbiegel played a pivotal role in this endeavour, selecting trees that would bloom sequentially throughout the year. 

This approach transformed Bengaluru into a city where every season brings a new floral spectacle.

Their flowers typically appear from May to July, during which the trees shed their leaves, revealing the vibrant purple blooms.

It's common to see everyone take out their mobile phones to click photos and post them on social media!

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, Jacaranda trees provide shade and habitat for numerous birds, insects, and small animals. The tree's canopy offers shelter and nesting opportunities, while its flowers attract pollinators essential for maintaining biodiversity

Jacaranda flowers are often associated with rebirth and renewal due to their springtime blooming. 

In some cultures, they are considered symbols of good fortune, with legends suggesting that a flower falling on someone’s head brings luck.

I am not sure of that but there is no doubt about the beauty they bring to the city, something to cheer about in the midst of massive traffic congestion!

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 9 - Invasive species in Bengaluru

Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) - Deccan Herald

There are some species of plants or animals that seem to take over everything in their path! They’re like uninvited guests who overstay their welcome and eat all the snacks! Nature’s bullies!

They are called invasive species -- organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, or even pests that find themselves in a new environment and wreak havoc on the local ecosystem. 

They outcompete native species for resources, reduce biodiversity, and even alter habitats.

HOW THEY GET HERE

In this globalised world, no one is cut off from others. There is a constant movement of people and goods. Trade, travel, and even gardening bring these species to new places. 

They could hitch a ride on cars, trains, planes, ships. Other times, they’re introduced intentionally for ornamental or agricultural purposes. Once they settle in, they spread like wildfire.

SEVERAL OF THEM IN BENGALURU

In Bengaluru, some of the invasive species are Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite), Lantana camara, and Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth).

According to a report by Paani.Earth, a group that helps with sustainable management of river resources, nearly half of the lakebeds in areas like Hesaraghatta are now covered with invasive shrubs and trees planted by the Karnataka Forest Department to prevent encroachment.

WHY WORRY ABOUT THEM

Invasive species have economic consequences. 

For instance, agricultural pests like the fall armyworm have devastated maize crops in Karnataka since 2018. The cost of cultivation had gone up by ₹3,600 per hectare as the small farmers had to invest more pesticides.

Native plants like neem, mango, jamun, and banyan trees not only support local fauna but also have medicinal value. Replacing them with exotic species reduces these benefits while increasing maintenance costs for ecosystems.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

• Residents should prioritise native plants over exotic ones to help restore balance in the ecosystem.
   
• Local authorities should conduct risk assessments of invasive species and take proactive measures to remove them from sensitive areas like lakebeds.
  
  
• Policies should discourage planting invasive species for ornamental purposes or fuelwood harvesting.
  
  
• Efforts should focus on conserving native biodiversity through afforestation programmes that favour indigenous plants.

So, next time when you are planning your garden or supporting a tree-planting drive, ask yourself: Is this plant helping or hurting the local ecosystem.

Keep the place green, in every way!

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 8 - Habitat in Bengaluru

When we talk about "habitat" from the environment and ecology point of view, we mean the natural home where living things – plants, animals, even tiny bugs – find everything they need to survive.

So, what does the habitat look like in Bengaluru today?

Bengaluru, as I have been mentioning in my previous posts, has transformed rapidly. From the "Garden City" to a tech hub, the landscape has seen really big changes. This has had a direct impact on the natural habitats that once thrived here.

THE GREEN PATCHES

Many now refer to Bengaluru as a "concrete jungle". If it's not already one, many fear it's on its way to becoming one, very fast.

But let's not forget that Bengaluru still boasts some important green spaces.

Parks like Cubbon Park, Lalbagh Botanical Garden, and Bannerghatta National Park act as vital habitats. In my neighbourhood, there are four parks, and they are popular places for children to play and for people to go for their daily walking exercises.

They are also places for a variety of birds, insects, and small mammals.

For example, you might spot parakeets, mynas, squirrels, and even the occasional mongoose in these green lungs of the city.

Of course, these green spaces are under constant pressure. Encroachment, pollution, and the sheer volume of visitors can impact the delicate balance of these habitats.

LAKES: A MIXED STORY

Bengaluru was once known for its interconnected network of lakes. These water bodies are crucial habitats for fish, frogs, water birds like herons and kingfishers, and various aquatic plants.

Sadly, many of our lakes have suffered due to pollution from untreated sewage and industrial waste.

On a brighter note, there are ongoing efforts to rejuvenate some of these lakes. Initiatives focused on cleaning, desilting, and creating buffer zones are slowly helping to restore these vital habitats.

For instance, the restoration of Kaikondrahalli Lake has shown how community involvement can bring back biodiversity to urban water bodies. You can now see a variety of birdlife and even some fish species returning to such rejuvenated lakes.

IMPACT ON BIRD POPULATION

Studies by local ornithologists often highlight a decline in the diversity of certain bird species in core urban areas, likely due to habitat loss and increased noise and pollution. 

However, green spaces and well-maintained lakes continue to support a richer variety. For example, sightings of migratory birds around restored lakes have been reported in recent years.

While the overall green cover has faced challenges, initiatives like tree planting drives by citizen groups and the forest department are making efforts to increase it. 

In my neighbourhood, there is an ongoing initiative to restore a lake. (I will soon be writing about it.)

PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

Understanding the habitat in our city helps us appreciate the biodiversity that still exists and the challenges it faces. 

By supporting initiatives that protect and enhance green spaces and water bodies, and by making conscious choices in our daily lives (like reducing waste and supporting green initiatives), we can contribute to making Bengaluru a more livable place for both nature and ourselves.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 7 - Greenhouse gases and Bengaluru

An AI-generated representational image.

Bengaluru, a fast-growing south Indian tech city, is known for its innovation and pleasant climate. However, beneath the veneer of progress lies a growing concern: the increasing levels of greenhouse gases and their impact.

WHAT ARE THEY

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat. Think of them like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse. 

They allow sunlight to enter and warm the interior but prevent some of that heat from escaping back into space. 

This greenhouse effect is essential for keeping our planet at a habitable temperature. But excessive amounts are bad.

The primary greenhouse gases include: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases, etc. 

HOW ARE THEY PRODUCED

Human activities lead to an increase in greenhouse gases.

The key sources include:

• Burning coal, oil, and natural gas during electricity generation, transportation and industrial processes releases lots of carbon dioxide.
  
  
• Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When forests are cleared, this doesn't happen.
  
  
• Livestock farming (especially cattle) produces methane.
  
  
• The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers releases nitrous oxide.
  
  
• The decomposition of organic waste in landfills produces methane.

HOW MUCH IS MORE

There isn't a single "dangerous" level of emission of greenhouse gases, but exceeding certain thresholds depending on the gas can trigger irreversible and catastrophic consequences.

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels exceeding 419 parts per million (ppm) are considered alarming; as of May 2024, levels reached 426.89 ppm globally.
  
  
• Methane is 25–100 times more potent than CO₂ over shorter timeframes.
  
  
• Nitrous oxide has a warming potential 273 times greater than carbon dioxide.

IMPACT OF GREENHOUSE GASES

• Global warming: The average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans is rising.
  
  
• Climate change: Drastic changes in weather patterns. For example, it doesn't rain when it's supposed to, and it rains when it's not supposed to. Unusual heat waves, rising sea levels, etc.

HOW TO CONTAIN THEM

• Shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower for electricity generation.
  
  
• Reduce energy consumption through efficient appliances, and smart technologies.
  
  
• Promote public transport, cycling, walking, and electric vehicles.
  
  
• Prevent deforestation.
  
  
• Reduce waste generation, and promote recycling.
  
  
• Make conscious choices in daily life.

WHERE DOES BENGALURU STAND

Although Bengaluru is not among India’s most polluted cities like Delhi or Kanpur, its growing population and infrastructure demands make it susceptible to worsening air quality.

With more and more people coming to the city, the number of private vehicles, traffic congestion, construction and industrial activities, electricity consumption, waste generation, etc., are all going up.

There are initiatives by the government and individuals to improve the ecological standards of the city. Some of my previous posts have elaborated on them. 

But, looking at the rate at which the city is growing, a more concerted and accelerated approach involving government bodies, industries, communities, and individuals is essential.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 6 - Freshwater sources in Bengaluru

The Cauvery River in Srirangapatana, Mysuru. |
Photo credit: The Hindu

Freshwater, from the perspective of environment and ecology, refers to naturally occurring water with low salinity. Dissolved salts should be less than 1,000 ppm (parts per million).

So, basically, it's water from sources such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, glaciers, rain and snow.

It is freshwater that supports all forms of life, and it even influences local weather patterns.

Bengaluru, a fast-growing metropolis of about 14 million people, gets its freshwater primarily from two sources: the Cauvery River and groundwater.

CAUVERY RIVER

The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board supplies around 1,450 million litres per day (MLD) of treated Cauvery water to the city. 

This water is pumped from reservoirs located approximately 90 km from the city, costing the administration ₹3 crore daily.

The Cauvery Stage-V project is the latest one. It was completed last year and it added around 775 MLD.

However, with reservoirs in the Cauvery Basin at only 26% capacity in early 2025, following a weak 2024 monsoon, surface water availability is strained.

GROUNDWATER

Besides the Cauvery River, around 1,372 MLD is extracted from borewells across the city.

Last year, many areas that were dependent only on groundwater faced a shortage. The tables have dropped drastically, from around 100 feet decades ago to as deep as 1,800 feet in some areas.

Natural recharge rates are also very low, estimated at only 148-183 MLD, compared to the massive extraction rate.

With nearly 90% of the city's surface paved, the water infiltration is naturally very low.

LAKES

Bengaluru was once known for its numerous lakes, but today, fewer than 200 remain functional, and many are polluted or encroached upon. Water in only around 20 are said to be good.

Lakes are important from the point of view of a healthy biodiversity and ecology.

WAY FORWARD

While Bengaluru does have freshwater sources, their availability is limited, unevenly distributed, and increasingly unsustainable. 

Nothing alarming, but there is cause for concern, and urgent and comprehensive water-management strategies are needed.

• Rainwater harvesting improves infiltration, and it is mandatory according to law. Its implementation must be monitored properly.
  
  
• The capacity and efficiency of sewage treatment plants must be improved.
  
  
• Lakes need to be revived or restored and need to be protected from pollution and encroachment.
  
  
• Water conservation measures should become a way of life.

Without significant intervention, Bengaluru's freshwater situation could worsen (considering the rate at which the city is growing) and impact both its residents as well as its fragile ecosystems.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 5 - Ecosystem of Bengaluru

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment in a specific area.

An ecosystem has interconnectedness and interdependence and a healthy ecosystem provides sufficient resources and energy for all living beings.

The size of an ecosystem can vary. It can be anything from a pond to a forest to even our entire planet.

The term "ecosystem" was first coined by Sir Arthur George Tansley, an English botanist and ecologist, in 1935. He introduced it in a paper published in the journal Ecology, where he described it as a system that includes both living organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a whole.

BENGALURU’S ECOSYSTEM

Bengaluru was once celebrated as the “Garden City’. But today, it’s struggling to retain its greenery in the face of rapid urbanisation. 

Over the past three decades, there have been dramatic changes in the city’s ecosystems, reflecting the challenges of balancing conservation with development.

• In the late 19th century, Bengaluru had thousands of lakes and reservoirs. The area of water bodies has shrunk from 2,324 hectares in 1973 to just 696 hectares in 2023. Their number is now around 200, with many either encroached upon, polluted, or dried up due to unchecked urban sprawl. There are only around 20 good and functional lakes in the city.
  
  
• In 1973, nearly 70% of the city was covered in greenery. But, by 2023, it plummeted to less than 7%, with urbanised areas expanding by over 1,055% since 1973.
  
  
• Forest cover has dropped from 288.48 sq. km in 2021 to 89.02 sq. km in 2023, a loss of nearly 200 sq. km in just two years.
  
  
• The city has become warmer too. Bengaluru has seen an increase of around 1.5 degrees C in its average temperature over the past 20 years.

WHY THE DECLINE

The surge in population is one reason. The projected figure of population of the metropolitan area today is about 14.4 million up from 8.5 million in 2011.

Economically too the city has grown. 

• Bengaluru has 44% of the nation's unicorn startups as of 2020.
   
• The city is home to over 5,500 IT/ITES companies and nearly 750 multinational corporations. 
  
  
• The IT sector alone accounts for over 24% of Karnataka's GDP.
  
  
• From 2014 to 2023, Bengaluru added 80 million square feet of Grade A office space, creating approximately 800,000 prime jobs — the highest among Indian cities.

THE MOOT QUESTION

Quite evidently, the environmental ecosystem seems to be paying the price for the advancement of the economic ecosystem.

Should one be at the cost of the other? Can’t both move forward hand in hand?

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 4 - Deforestation in Bengaluru

Cubbon Park, Bengaluru.
Photo by Deen David on Unsplash

 

Deforestation, the large-scale removal of forests for human activities, is a global crisis with devastating consequences.

Whether driven by agriculture, logging, urban development, or grazing, the impact is undeniable: loss of biodiversity, disrupted ecosystems, soil erosion, and a significant contribution to climate change through increased carbon dioxide emissions.

Globally, the scale of this destruction is alarming. It's estimated that approximately 500,000 square miles (1.3 million square kilometres) of land are deforested every decade. However, the impact is acutely felt in rapidly urbanizing areas.

BENGALURU'S SHRINKING GREEN SPACE

Bengaluru has witnessed a staggering loss of its natural heritage. According to an IISc study, approximately 93% of its forest and lake area has vanished over the past five decades due to relentless urbanization. The reasons are multifaceted:

• Agricultural expansion: Clearing land for farming.
  
  
• Timber harvesting: Cutting trees for construction and other industries.
  
  
• Urban sprawl: Expansion of settlements leading to widespread tree removal.

CONSEQUENCES

The repercussions of deforestation are far-reaching and deeply concerning:

• Climate change: Trees act as crucial carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide. When forests are cleared, this stored carbon is released, exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating global warming.
  
  
• Biodiversity loss: Forests provide habitats for countless plant and animal species. Their destruction leads to population declines and even extinctions.
  
  
• Soil erosion: The absence of tree roots weakens soil structure, making it susceptible to erosion. Heavy rainfall can then wash away topsoil, leading to landslides and the loss of fertile land.
  
  
• Disrupted water cycles: Forests play a vital role in regulating water cycles. Their removal can disrupt rainfall patterns and alter regional climates.

HOPE AND ACTION

Despite the grim reality, there's a glimmer of hope in the concerted efforts to combat deforestation and enhance Bengaluru's urban green cover.

• Leading environmental group People's Planet has launched an ambitious "One Million Tree Plantation" project that aims to create urban forests across the city, utilizing geo-tagging for effective monitoring and conservation. This was launched in Bengaluru in January.
  
  
• The SayTrees Foundation is making significant strides in reforestation, having planted over 480,000 saplings to date using the Miyawaki technique for rapid growth and biodiversity. They also actively engage the community, fostering environmental responsibility.

Hopefully, the damage that is being caused by urbanisation will be offset to a great extent by these efforts.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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A to Z - Day 3 - Conservation efforts in Bengaluru

Image credit:
Puttenahalli Neighbourhood Lake Improvement Trust 

From an environmental and ecological perspective, conservation refers to the protection and management of natural resources, ecosystems, and biodiversity.

It's about balancing our needs with environmental well-being. We can achieve this in many ways, such as minimizing the wastage of natural resources, controlling pollution, and preserving greenery.

In the face of major environmental challenges brought on by rapid urbanization, the government and institutions in Bengaluru are striving to stem the decline and improve the situation.

INSTITUTIONAL EFFORTS

For example, Bengaluru has a comprehensive Climate Action and Resilience Plan (BCAP), which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience against climate change. 

According to the Karnataka government, "Over the next few years, the BCAP will be implemented as a multi-sectoral collaborative effort, drawing participation from various departments of the Government of Karnataka, civil society, and the private sector."

Earlier this month, the Karnataka government announced the Karnataka Forest, Wildlife, and Climate Change Mitigation Foundation, which aims to mitigate the effects of climate change and increase green cover.

COMMUNITY EFFORTS

There are also several community-led initiatives focused on lake rejuvenation and rainwater harvesting. The rejuvenation of Puttenahalli Lake and Kaikondrahalli Lake are two success stories.

United Way Bengaluru, an NGO, is working to restore, revive, and rejuvenate lakes. According to them, they have restored over 50 lakes in collaboration with local authorities, focusing on improving water quality and biodiversity.

Eco-Watch is an organization that works on environmental conservation. They are involved in various projects to increase green cover and biodiversity in peri-urban areas, such as planting saplings around lakes and industrial zones.

BUT IT'S NOT ENOUGH

These are just a few of the initiatives. However, the problem is becoming more serious every day.

While the government must recognize biodiversity conservation as a top-priority area, many more institutions will need to actively engage in these efforts.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is ecology and environment.)

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A to Z - Day 2 - Biodiversity of Bengaluru

Cubbon Park in Bengaluru.
Photo source: Karnataka Tourism

Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term that encompasses a whole lot of things. 

It refers to all forms of life on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It also includes the systems they inhabit, like terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. 

Biodiversity also refers to the diversity of existence, like genetic diversity (variation within species), species diversity (variety of species in a region), and ecosystem diversity (different ecosystems like forests, coral reefs, and wetlands). 

It also includes the interactions among organisms and their environments. 

So, it is a whole lot of things.

ITS IMPORTANCE

The richness of biodiversity is important for us.

It ensures the variety of crops, livestock, and marine species that provide us with nutrition.

Several modern medicines, including antibiotics and painkillers, are derived from natural sources. Biodiversity loss would mean less chances of discovering new medical treatments.

Biodiversity ensures balanced ecosystems which in turn means fewer diseases.

Forests and wetlands filter air and water, thus reducing pollution-related health risks. 

"The degradation of wetlands, which filter freshwater, has led to a 35% decline in global wetland coverage since 1970, increasing waterborne diseases and reducing water availability for over 2 billion people," says the World Health Organisation.

Forests also absorb carbon dioxide mitigating climate change impacts like extreme weather events.

Access to biodiverse natural areas improves mental health by reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function. It also supports physical health by encouraging outdoor activities and reducing chronic diseases, according to this article on "Benefits of Biodiversity to Human Health and Well-being".

BENGALURU'S BIODIVERSITY

Bengaluru (earlier Bangalore) commonly referred to by many epithets like India’s Silicon Valley, Pub Capital, Pensioners’ Paradise, Garden City, etc., boasts a surprisingly rich biodiversity.

Slender Loris on the Indian Institute Science
campus, Bengaluru.
Photo source: Kalyan Varma/JLR Explore.

Surprising, because over the last two decades, the city has seen an unimaginable pace of urbanisation.

Some statistics about what Bengaluru has are quite striking.

• 41 species of mammals, including the slender loris, leopards, jungle cats, and several species of bats and rodents. (Bengaluru Sustainability Forum)
  
  
• Over 300 species of birds have been documented, including long-distance migratory birds from the Himalayas, Central Asia, and Siberia. (Bengaluru Sustainability Forum)
  
  
• The grasslands of Hesarghatta in Bengaluru alone host around 235 species of birds. (Oorvani)
  
  
• The city has 52 species of reptiles and 17 species of amphibians. (Bengaluru Sustainability Forum)
  
  
• Bengaluru is home to 1,707 species of insects and arachnids, along with thousands of plant species. (Bengaluru Sustainability Forum)
  
  
• Despite a decline from 400 to 227 lakes, Bengaluru's lakes remain crucial biodiversity hotspots. For example, Dorekere Lake supports 230 species of flora and fauna, including 74 bird species. (Deccan Herald)

While I knew Bengaluru had a pleasant climate, these figures surprised me.

The city has a number of citizen activist groups, besides resident welfare associations and similar community organisations that work to protect and enhance urban biodiversity through surveys, conservation projects, and awareness campaigns.

That's something really good about this city.

(This post is part of the A to Z Challenge. The theme is environment)

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